Description:

Kostroma breed of cattle, dairy and meat production. Deduced
in the state farm "Karavaevo and breeding farms, Kostroma and Yaroslavl region
by crossing the local cattle with miskovskogo algausskoy and shvitskoy rocks.
Approved in 1945.

One of the most productive breeds dairy beef. Animals large shirokotelye, with
strong bone and well muscled. Differ-intensive growth and good meat qualities.
Color from light to dark gray. Bulls weigh 850-950 (sometimes up to 1000) kg,
cows – 550-650 kg. The average annual yield of 4000-5000 kg of milk fat content
of 3,7-3,9%. Fattening neuters at the age of 18 months. weigh 450-500 kg.
Slaughter yield over 60%.

Kostroma breed is widely used to improve the productive qualities of many breeds
and local cattle.

Breed in Kostroma, Ivanovo, Vladimir, areas in Belarus.

Kostroma breed used in the derivation of Alatau breed.

Description:

AYRSHIRSKAYA breeds of cattle, dairy. Is derived in the late 18 century. Air
in the county in Scotland by improving the local cattle "crossing of the blood"
tisvaterskogo, Dutch, Flemish and olderneyskogo cattle bred on the islands of
the Strait English Channel. Screening and selection was carried out on the
conformation, milk production and zhirnomolochnosti.

Animals breed Ayrshirskoy figure is correct, the backbone of a strong, his chest
deep, broad. Horn light, directed to the sides, up and back a little. The udder
is well developed. Color red-and-white (from white with small red spots to dark
red with white spots). The live weight of bulls 700-800 kg and cows 420-500 kg,
heifers to 12 months. – 240 kg, to 18 months. – 300-350 lbs. Milk yield
4000-4500 kg per year, the fat content of milk 4-4,4%.

Prevalent in many countries in Europe, the United States, Canada and Australia.
In Russia Ayrshirskoy cattle breed began to import in the 19. But he has not
received distribution. In the 60-ies. 20 in. animal Ayrshirskoy breed imported
to the USSR from Finland. Breed in the north-western regions of European part of
Russia.

Description:

Black lemming breed of cattle, dairy. Deduced in the Soviet Union by crossing
local cattle bred in different zones, with Ostphreis, black-motley Swedish and
other rocks of similar origin.

In animals, black-motley breed torso slightly elongated, proportional; udders
voluminous, elastic skin. Color black-and-white. Because of the difference
properties of the source of local cattle, natural conditions, the level of
breeding in the rock was formed several groups and types, distinguished by
exterior features, udoyu, zhirnomolochnosti. In Russia – the most significant
differences between black and white cattle central regions, the Urals and
Siberia.

Black-and-white cattle central regions of Russia was formed by crossing the
Dutch and Ostphreis cattle with local, Holmogorski, Yaroslavl, partially used
hybrids shvitskoy and Simmental breeds. Large Animals (bulls weigh 900-1000,
cows – 550-650 kg), with a high milk production (average annual yield of about
4000, in the tribal households – up to 6000 kg), but less than other groups on
the fat content of milk (3.6 – 3 , 7%).

Black-and-white cattle of the Urals was formed mainly by crossing Tagil breed
with ostfrizami and partially black-and-white cattle Baltic. In animals, several
lightweight dry-type constitution, the average annual yield of 3700-3800, in the
tribal households – up to 5500 kg of milk fat content of 3,8-4,0%.

Black-and-white cattle of Siberia was created by crossing the local Siberian
cattle with the Dutch, the animals smaller. As productivity is slightly inferior
to other groups (average annual yield of more than 3500, in the tribal
households – up to 5000 kg of milk fat content of 3,7-3,9%).

Meat quality of black-motley breed satisfactory. With the dramatic growth of
average daily gain of calves 800-1000 g, for 15 to 16 months of age animals
weigh 420-480 kg. Slaughter yield 50-55%. Breeding work is aimed at improving
the breed by pure breeding for local conditions in different areas. To improve
the constitution of animals and increasing milk production in farms use oxen
Dutch Holstein-Friesian breeds.

The main breeding areas: the north-western regions of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus,
Baltic States, Uzbekistan and the Urals, Western and Eastern Siberia, the Far
East.

Description:

Taghilsky breeds of cattle, dairy. Deduced in 18-19 centuries. the Urals
(areas adjacent to the Nizhny Tagil) crossing local cattle with Kholmogory and
Dutch breeds and systematic selection of animals for milk production.

Animals are medium in size, with slightly elongated body, deep but narrow chest
and long slender neck, dry head. The backbone of a strong, thick skin, elastic.
There svislozadost, narrow pelvis, not to pose the legs. Color black-and-white
and black, sometimes red, red-and-white, brown, brown-and-white. Bulls weigh
800-900, cows – 450-520 kg. The average annual yield of 3500-4500 kg of milk fat
content 4-4,2%, sometimes up to 5,3%.

Animals are well adapted to harsh climatic conditions of the Urals. Breed in
Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Tyumen oblasts and Udmurtia.

Description:

Red Steppe breed of cattle, dairy. Shaped by the end of 18 century. the
territory of modern Zaporizhzhya region of Ukraine. Used crossing gray with a
red steppe cattle ostfrislyandskim, red, German, angelnskim, etc. Before the end
of the 19. hybrids were bred in the Ukraine "in itself", in other areas where
they crossed with local cattle. Since 20-ies. 20 at. is systematic work on the
breeding of the breed.


Animals dry, dense, strong constitution. Color is red, different shades, in many
animals white markings on the head and torso. Adult breeding bulls weigh 800-900
(sometimes 1200) kg, cows – 45-550 (sometimes up to 700) kg. The average annual
yield of 3800-4500 kg of milk fat content of 3,6 – 3,8%.

Animals adapted to hot climate, well acclimatized.

The main breeding areas – the south of European part of CIS, Western Siberia,
Kazakhstan.

Kholmogorskaya breeds of cattle, dairy. Kholmogorsk is derived in the Arkhangelsk and Arkhangelsk counties of the province to improve local cattle have long been bred in the lower reaches of the Northern Dvina River, in the 18-19 centuries. Kholmogorsk improved cattle breeds by crossing with the Dutch breed.

Build typical for dairy cattle. The trunk is long, long legs, back and waist line is flat, slightly elevated pelvis, chest deep enough, right leg raised. Musculature dense, dry skin is thin, elastic. Color black-and-white, meets red-and-white, red, black, white. Bulls weigh 800-900 (sometimes 1000) kg, cows – 500-550 (sometimes up to 700) kg. The average annual yield of 3500-5000 kg of milk fat content of 3,7 – 3, 8%, to a maximum of 5%.

Cattle are well acclimatized, so common in many areas. Breed mainly in northern and north-eastern regions of European Russia and Siberia.

Breed used in deriving istobenskoy Tagil and rocks.

Deb Yeagle, Lindsey, Ohio

Valley: mainly distributed inthe valleys of North and East Tibet, as well as in some parts of Sichuanand Yuman provinces. An example is the Jiulang.

Plateau Grassland: mainly distributedin the high, cold pastures and steppes, with an annual mean temperaturebelow 2 degrees Celsius. Examples are the Maiwa and Luqu.

White Yak: found in almost every region of district. An example isthe Tianzhu White Yak.



Work

Yaks are mainly used for packing in transport; they may travel 20-30 kmper day with a load of 130 lbs. on the high, cold, steep mountainous paths.This gives them the reputation of the “Ships of the Plateau”.



Meat Production

They have a dressing percent of 45-54%. Yak meat, from either white orblack yaks, has a special flavor and if adequately processed and canned,it is much appreciated in China and as an export.



Milk Production

Milk is of economic importance in yak raising. Milk generally starts 10-15days after calving, which occurs in April and May, then continues for 5months until winter comes. Production is highest in July, when grass isabundant and nutritious, then declines as the grass dries off graduallybefore or in October.


Reference:

Cheng. P. (1984) Livestock breeds of China. Animal Production andHealth Paper 46 (E, F, S). Publ. by FAO,Rome, 217 pp.

The Nentsi breed is reared in the north of Russia and to the east of the Urals, i.e. in the lower reaches of the rivers Ob and Yenisei. In the past Murmansk region was the breeding area of the Saami strain (Murmansk breed) but in the 1930’s it was replaced by the Nentsi breed. 

At present the Nentsi breed numbers more than 850,00 head. This is a homogeneous group of animals of average size (as compared to other breeds), strong body build and mainly light brown in color.



Natural and climatic conditions in areas where Nentsi reindeer are bred are relatively monotonous. This is a low-lying country, in the main, with occasional ranges of low and medium mountains (the Khibini Mountains, the Urals), considerable precipitation in winder and comparably warm summers. The average temperature fluctuates from -0.5 to 3.8c.

In summer the herds graze mainly on the Arctic coast in the tundra zone, which has abundant green vegetation, while in winter they are driven into the forest tundra with its profusion of feed lichens and protection from wind.

A characteristic feature of this breed is that they feed chiefly on reindeer lichens for 8 months (from October to May). As the lichens do not contain sufficient nutrients, the animals’ weight falls sharply toward spring.

Rutting occurs at the end of September through October. Females usually give birth to one fawn. The fawn crop in years with favorable feeding and weather conditions is 85% and in pedigree herds up to 93%.

The typical diseases of Nentsi reindeer are gadfly strike, necobacillosis and pneumonia. Some animals are resistant to these disease, but the question still requires proper investigation.

Nentsi reindeer are perfectly adapted to local natural and climatic conditions. Transferring them to regions lying more to the south ended everywhere in failure. the animals perished within 2-3 years.



The Nentsi breed is the most uniform and fixed one. Bigger animals are to be found on Arctic islands such as Kalguev and Vaigach. According to scientists this is die to favorable feeding conditions and is not due to genetic differences. The use of island sires in mainland herds did not bring about an improvement.

There are 30 pedigree herds of the Nentsi breed with the area. For many years the breeds work was carried out in experimental production farms of agricultural research institute of the Far North, of the Murmansk experimental reindeer breeding station and of Yamal and Naryan-Mar agricultural experiment stations.



The Nentsi is considered to be the most numerous and successful breed. however, because of large-scale industrial activity in a number of regions the ares os lichen winter pastures is being reduced, which can have a negative impact on the local reindeer production.



Reference:

Dmitriez, N.G. and Ernst, L.K. (1989) Animal Genetic Resources of the USSR. Animal Production and Health Paper Publ. by FAO, Rome, 517 pp.



Photographs:

Dmitriez, N.G. and Ernst, L.K. (1989) Animal Genetic Resources of the USSR. Animal Production and Health Paper Publ. by FAO, Rome, 517 pp.

Dmitriez, N.G. and Ernst, L.K. (1989) Animal Genetic Resources of the USSR. Animal Production and Health Paper Publ. by FAO, Rome, 517 pp.



Photographs:

Dmitriez, N.G. and Ernst, L.K. (1989) Animal Genetic Resources of the USSR. Animal Production and Health Paper Publ. by FAO, Rome, 517 pp.